Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook the fettuccine until al dente, then reserve about 1 to 2 cups of the pasta water before draining.
In a large bowl, toss the chicken with 1 teaspoon garlic powder, 1 teaspoon onion powder, 1 teaspoon smoked paprika, ½ teaspoon salt, and ½ teaspoon black pepper until evenly coated.
Heat 1 tablespoon of olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add the chicken and cook for 6 to 8 minutes, stirring occasionally, until browned and cooked through. Transfer the chicken to a clean plate.
Reduce the heat to medium and add the butter to the same skillet. Once melted, add the onion, celery, and green bell pepper. Cook for 5 to 7 minutes, stirring often, until softened.
Stir in the minced garlic and cook for about 30 seconds, just until fragrant. Sprinkle in the flour and stir well to coat the vegetables.
Slowly add the heavy cream, whisking continuously, then stir in 1 tablespoon Cajun seasoning and ½ teaspoon black pepper. Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer and cook for 2 to 3 minutes, stirring often. Do not boil.
Reduce the heat to low and stir in 1 cup of freshly grated Parmesan cheese until melted and smooth.
Add the cooked pasta and chicken back to the skillet. Toss gently until everything is evenly coated, adding a splash of reserved pasta water as needed to loosen the sauce.
Garnish with chopped parsley and serve with extra Parmesan, if desired. Best enjoyed immediately.